Why Railroads Don't Need Expansion Joints

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连续焊接钢轨升温后仍会产生应力。讲者用改变细杆约束位置的实验演示屈曲条件怎样变化，再解释轨枕、道床和安装时的中性温度共同限定风险。

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if it’s hotter than the neutral temperature, the rail experiences compressive stress.

restrain the rod at the centerpoint, effectively halving its length.